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Another project of the Hinghwa Heritage Centre
Pillars of Chinese Culture
道法自然
(Dào fǎ zìrán)
(Dao Flows with Nature)
LH: AI-generated illustration of Lao Zi
Source: OpenAi (2025)
RH: Kong Zi
Source: Author & 林洲
Understanding Culture and the Uniqueness of Chinese Civilization
Culture is a manifestation of a people’s traditions, reflected in the language they speak, the food they eat, the way they dress, and the moral values that guide their daily lives. It is the collective expression of a community’s identity, shaped by shared customs and beliefs that define who they are as a people.
Chinese culture, in particular, embodies these characteristics through its rich traditions and long history. From the celebration of major festivals such as the Chinese New Year, Qing Ming, the Dragon Boat Festival, and the Mid-Autumn Festival, to the observance of deity birthdays and ancestral rituals, these practices form the living expression of what it means to be Chinese. They are more than customs, they are symbols of unity, continuity, and cultural pride.
Cultures often evolve over a long time, as people grow together, bound by invisible ties of shared experience and mutual understanding. This cohesion transforms individuals into a collective with a strong sense of belonging and purpose, a formidable force rooted in heritage.
Throughout China’s long history, many remarkable leaders and thinkers have shaped the moral and philosophical foundations of its people. Among them, three stand out prominently in the annals of time, their influence still resonating today, though the degree of reverence may differ among scholars and intellectuals.
Three Sages of Ancient China
There were many sages and heroes in ancient China, but three of them have withstood the test of time and laid the foundation for Chinese education and culture. Ironically, all three of their names end with the character "子" (zǐ), which holds profound meaning, symbolizing purity, humility, new beginnings, and greatness. Thus, I refer to them as "The Three Sages" of ancient China (古代中國的三子). They are:
• Lao Zi (老子) – Philosopher, Founder of Daoism
• Kung Zi (孔子) – Philosopher, Educator
• Sun Zi (孙子) – Philosopher, Military Strategist
Sun Zi is still revered today as a brilliant military strategist. In his foreword, American war veteran General David Petraeus -- who has 37 years of military experience and served as CIA director -- states, "The Art of War by Sun Zi has rightly become one of the world's most influential books on military strategy." General Douglas MacArthur, too, is said to have had one of these books in his collection.
Indeed, Sun Zi's Art of War is a seminal work that every serious military strategist would have read.
However, of the three, Lao Zi and Confucius have had the strongest influence on the Hinghua people.
Lao Zi is often considered the teacher, with Confucius as his student, who went on to teach many others. Yet both Lao Zi and Confucius are revered as sages who laid the intellectual and philosophical foundation of Chinese culture.
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The Dao that can be told
is not the eternal Dao.
The name that can be named
is not the eternal Name
(老子; Lǎozi).
This loaded statement is presented in simple words, but with a wisdom that goes beyond human understanding.
Lao Zi (老子) was the founder of the philosophy of Dao (道家; Daojia), which is distinct from the religious aspect of Daoism (道教; Dàojiào) founded by Zhang Daoling.
Lao Zi’s main interest was living harmoniously with nature. With his brilliance and connections to the imperial family, he chose to leave behind his wisdom to a farmer who had begged him to share his knowledge before the sage withdrew to his hermit kingdom. The writings he left behind became known as the world-famous philosophy – The Way (道德經; Dao De Jing).
In the work of Lao Zi, he explored the mysticism of the cosmos, the balance of Yin and Yang (阴阳), the principle of Wu Wei (无为), and the three treasures of Compassion (慈 cí), Frugality (俭 jiǎn), and Humility (谦逊 qiānxùn). At its core, his philosophy emphasises living in harmony with nature and allowing all things to follow their natural course.
While Taoist philosophy recognises that there is a profound and powerful force governing the universe, it does not refer to this force as “God.” This is evident in the famous opening lines of the Tao Te Ching: “The Dao that can be told is not the eternal Dao; the name that can be named is not the eternal Name.”
In the 17th century, the Portuguese-Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza proposed a view of God that appears to resonate with Lao Zi’s understanding of the cosmos. Interestingly, centuries later, another Jew, Albert Einstein, also expressed views that seemed to align with this perspective.
In comparison to Buddhism and Confucianism, Taoism is more focused on the salvation of humanity, the soul (spirit), and health (Liu, D. J., 2011).
In Taoist spirituality, the existence of 'the Supreme Being' (God) is recognized, and they refer to this being as Shang Di (上帝) or Shen (神). The concept of Shang Di reflects the Taoist belief in a superior being in heaven (天堂), in contrast to the earthly emperor, whose mandate to rule was believed to come from this divine entity.
The realization of the power of Shang Di led to the construction of the Temple of Heaven (天坛) by Emperor Yongle in the 15th century. This temple was built to worship the almighty, and succeeding emperors would lead the annual worship ceremonies at the Altar of Heaven, where the emperor himself acted as the chief priest. The temple is located at: 1 Tiantan E. Rd, Dongcheng Qu, Beijing, China, 100061.
The ancient Daoists observed that everything in the universe, whether matter or life, has an equal opposite, and all things are interconnected and must be balanced. This is represented by the Daoist symbol. In particular, the relationships of the five elements -- fire, water, earth, metal, and wood -- form a cornerstone of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Physicians in TCM believe that illnesses arise from imbalances in Yin and Yang (阴阳). Lin (2016) states:
The Yin & Yang theory permeates all aspects of the theoretical system of TCM. The human body is an integrated whole. All its tissues and structures are organically connected and classified as two opposite aspects, Yin & Yang (阴阳).
The balance of Yin and Yang (阴阳) is fundamental to maintaining good health (Ong, 2019). In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this balance extends to the concept of the Three Treasures (三宝) -- Qi (气), Jing (精), and Shen (神) (Dao, 2021). An imbalance among these three treasures is believed to result in poor health, as each governs a distinct aspect of human vitality. Qi is the vital energy that flows through the body along meridian channels, sustaining physiological functions. Jing represents the body’s essence, inherited at birth, and can be likened to one’s genetic blueprint or “life code.” It regulates growth, development, aging, and longevity. Though Jing naturally declines with age or neglect, its depletion can be slowed through proper nourishment and a healthy lifestyle. Shen, often translated as “spirit” or “mind,” refers to the consciousness or mental vitality that resides within. It governs emotional well-being and mental clarity, which is why some TCM practitioners encourage patients to cultivate calmness and even engage in prayer or meditation when troubled.
Taoism as a religion will be discussed in another section relating to the beliefs of the Hinghua people.
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Temple of Heaven
Source: Author
無為
(Wu Wei)
(Action without Action)
Wúwèi: Flowing with the Natural Way
Wúwèi (無為) in Laozi’s philosophy is the art of flowing with nature (道法自然).
A classic illustration comes from the sage Huang An of Putian. Because his home was often flooded during high tide, he did not resist the waters. Instead, he would let his boat drift naturally with the current, guiding it only lightly with his palm when needed, until it brought him safely home.
This example shows that Wúwèi does not mean doing nothing, but rather acting with wisdom and harmony. It is not passivity, but responsive action at the right time, with the least effort, the essence of living in tune with the Way.
Sailing with the Wind: A Historical Example
A classic example of Wúwèi in practice can be seen in our ancestors’ journey to the Nanyang (Southeast Asia), particularly Singapore. They set sail in wooden boats powered only by the wind. But they did so only when the wind blew in the right direction.
Though this may appear effortless, in truth, a great deal of preparation went into every voyage, building seaworthy vessels, studying the seasons, and anticipating hazards. This shows that Wúwèi is not about doing nothing. It is about knowing when to act and when to yield. It is the wisdom of aligning with nature’s flow, achieving great outcomes with seemingly little exertion.
As Liu D. J. (2011), a professor at Shandong University, notes:
"According to Laozi, we should be quiet and passive so that things will take their natural course. We should not interfere with or try to steer things in a direction we have planned."
Facing Life’s Challenges with Wúwèi
Life is a constant struggle because change never stops. We strive to fulfill our needs and desires, and once attained, we struggle again to hold on to them. This makes life deeply challenging. At times, when our needs or wants cannot be met, life can feel miserable.
This is where Wúwèi offers wisdom. Instead of resisting every hardship, we learn to endure, trusting that even the fiercest storm will eventually pass. Sometimes, it is not about fighting but about letting go, especially in situations beyond our control.
Fear of Death
Few things disturb the human spirit as deeply as the fear of death. Yet Wúwèi invites us to let go of attachments to the material world.
Peace comes when we release the need to hold on. This is captured in the story of a young woman, only 18, who lay dying of kidney failure. As she confided her sorrow to an elderly patient nearby, he told her simply: “You must learn to let go.” She did, and in doing so, she found peace in her final moments.
The Power of Stillness
In a world driven by striving, Wúwèi reminds us that stillness can be stronger than force, and gentleness more enduring than aggression. It is not the art of doing nothing, but of doing the right thing at the right moment, by moving with the world, not against it.
Tai Chi (太极拳)
Tai Chi is a Chinese martial art that beautifully embodies the principle of Wu Wei (effortless action). Its movements appear silky and fluid, each flowing seamlessly into the next. In some traditional forms, footwork is even guided by the Trigrams, keeping practitioners’ steps aligned within the diagram.
In combat, Tai Chi practitioners do not clash force with force. Instead, they redirect or dissolve incoming energy, turning an opponent’s strength against them. While some martial arts may choose to break through a wall, Tai Chi prefers to move gracefully around it. This is Wu Wei in motion.
A Legacy That Endures
When Laozi (老子) passed away during the Zhou dynasty around 479 BCE, he left behind a quiet legacy, one that would echo through the centuries.
Even Confucius, his most famous contemporary, once visited him and observed his rites and practices with great respect. Though their philosophies differ, Confucius recognized the deep wisdom of Wúwèi: a way of being that is both effortless and powerful, simple yet profound.
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Confucius
(孔子; 550 BC – 479 BC)
Source: Author & 林洲
"This photo was taken at the top of the 49 steps at the largest Confucius Temple in Putian."
Confucius was born in the Lu State (魯州), which is now modern-day Qufu city in Shandong Province.
His main interests were in education, humanity, and the structure of government. As a young man, Confucius learned the traditions and the art of ceremonies from his master, Laozi. Upon returning to his home state, he compiled his observations into several books.
These works became known as the Four Books and Five Classics (四書五經). The Four Books were:
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Analects of Confucius (論語)
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Mencius (孟子)
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Great Learning (大学)
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Doctrine of the Mean (中庸)
The Five Classics were:
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Book of Rites (礼记)
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Book of Songs (诗经, Ode and Poetry)
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Book of Documents (尚书)
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Book of Changes (易經, I-Ching)
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Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋季节)
Confucius hoped that his students would become learned individuals who possessed high morals, integrity, and practical skills -- qualities that would enable them to realize his vision of a better society.
His book, The Analects of Confucius, primarily records his discussions with his students. In it, he imparts his teachings on the concepts of benevolence and ritual propriety (Tang, 2011).
Confucius’s ultimate goal was to eliminate corrupt imperial officials and establish a government rooted in righteousness. He envisioned a society led by virtuous individuals, capable of promoting harmony and good governance. His teachings on the Mandate of Heaven (the right to rule) had a profound influence on several emperors who followed him, as they embraced his ideas with great success.
Confucius’s works have provided a solid foundation for Chinese culture that endures to this day. Confucianists aspire to be wise, powerful, and virtuous. Their highest ideal is to offer meritorious service, create exceptional writing, and uphold high moral standards (Liu, D. J., 2011a). This philosophy deeply influenced the Hinghua people, many of whom became imperial scholars and high-ranking officials during the Tang and Song Dynasties. The impact of Confucianism also extended to the Nanyang region, carried by migrants during and after the fall of the Qing dynasty.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties -- two of China’s golden ages -- the emperors practiced the teachings of Li (礼, ritual propriety) and Yue (乐, music), and the people eagerly anticipated each festival. These celebrations, which included food, music, and dance, were not just joyous events but also ceremonies filled with meaning.
Whether it was celebrating the Lunar New Year, honoring festivals at temples, worshiping ancestors, or observing the Ghost Month festival, each occasion was a ritual of joy and reverence.
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Largest Confucius Temple in Putian
Source: Author & 林洲
AI-generated illustration of Chinese festivals
Source: OpenAi (2025)
Joyful Festivals: Li & Yue in Action
Just like Wu Wei, the term Li (礼) is akin to a diamond with many facets, each reflecting a different spectrum of light. This is because Li (礼), as in 礼仪 (Liyi, etiquette), encompasses many aspects, such as filial piety, ancestor worship, respect, and social behavior. It governs the way we address elders, speak, walk, dress, eat, and drink. It also outlines how rulers should treat the people and how people should respect authority, both at home and in public.
On the other hand, Yue (乐) refers to music (音乐) and joy (快乐). Soothing music nourishes the soul, bringing people together to celebrate in a peaceful and harmonious environment that fosters a sense of reverence. Professor Li Xue Qin from Tsinghua University succinctly captures the significance of Li and Yue when he states:
"The important function of Li and Yue was to bring about peace and harmony, even amongst people with many differences. For the Chinese, Li and Yue were essential tools for educating people, as their purpose was to promote harmony and peace" (Li, X. Q., 2011c).
In the realm of education, Confucius teaches: “The superior man is strong and untiring. Thus, the superior man, who has a breadth of character, carries the outside world.”
This teaching resonates deeply with the Chinese people, motivating them to strive to become better individuals who contribute significantly to the prosperity of the Chinese nation. The qualities of a superior man -- strength, perseverance, and character are ideals that the Chinese people aspire to embody.
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World's First Meritocratic System
Imperial Examination Hall within the Forbidden City.
Source: Author
The Imperial Examination Hall and the Spirit of Learning
This is the examination hall within the Forbidden City, where the invigilator could, at times, be the Emperor himself. It symbolizes perhaps the most important policy of imperial China: the civil service examination system. Through this system, the most talented individuals among the common people could rise to join the ranks of the ruling elite, serving the Emperor in the governance of the dynasty.
This deeply meritocratic tradition was a driving force behind the Hinghua people's pursuit of excellence and success.
In Chinese philosophy, the ideal of the superior man, one who is educated, cultured, honorable, and of noble character, has long served as a powerful motivation (Han, I., 2011). His dignified manner and virtuous conduct became aspirational traits across generations.
The superior man often enjoys a more refined and meaningful life. This belief underpins a core value in Chinese society: "Learning is above all else" (万般皆下品，唯有读书高) (Lin, Z. Q., 2019a).
This principle has endured through the centuries, forming the very soul of the Chinese nation. The Chinese people have consistently demonstrated an indomitable spirit of perseverance, strength, and resilience coupled with a deep sense of tolerance and inclusivity (Liu, D. J., 2011b).
Following the passing of Confucius and Laozi, their profound teachings in culture and education continued to shape the Chinese civilization, laying the foundation for the emergence of three golden ages in Chinese history.
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